Karagöz
Karagöz (meaning
blackeye in
Turkish) and
Hacivat (shortened in time from "Hacı İvaz" meaning "İvaz the Pilgrim", and also sometimes written as
Hacivad) are the lead characters of the traditional
Turkish shadow play, popularized during the
Ottoman period and then spread to most nation states that comprised the Ottoman Empire and most prominently in Turkey and Greece.
The central theme of the plays are the contrasting interaction
between the two main characters. They are perfect foils of each other:
In the Turkish version Karagöz represents the illiterate but
straightforward public, whereas Hacivat belongs to the educated class,
speaking
Ottoman Turkish
and using a poetical and literary language. Although Karagöz has
definitely been intended to be the more popular character with the
Turkish peasantry, Hacivat is always the one with a level head. Though
Karagöz always outdoes Hacivat’s superior education with his “native
wit,” he is also very impulsive and his never-ending deluge of
get-rich-quick schemes
always results in failure. In the Greek version Hacivat (Hatziavatis)
is the more educated Greek who works for the Ottoman state, and often
represents the Pasha, or simply law and order, whereas Karagöz
(Karagiozis) is the poor peasant Greek, nowadays with Greek-specific
attributes of the raya.
Hacivat continually attempts to “domesticate” Karagöz, but never
makes progress. According to Turkish dramaturge Kırlı, Hacivat
emphasizes the upper body with his refined manners and aloof
disposition, while Karagöz is more representational of “the lower body
with eating, cursing, defecation and the phallus."
Other characters in the plays are different ethnic characters living
under Ottoman domain such as (in the Turkish version) Armenians,
Albanians, Greeks, Frenks, Arabs and Akarabs(Arabs with white skin,
usually depicting the people of Aleppo), each with their unique,
stereotypical traits. In the Greek version new characters have been
introduced or altered: The Pasha, the daughter of the Vezir (both
representing the state, the latter being very beautiful and courted
unsuccessfully by Karagöz (Karagiozis), Barba-Giorgos the enormous
Roumeliot shepherd who acts as an uncle to Karagöz, the Morfonios
(beautiful) with the enormous nose (adapted from a previous Ottoman
character), Velingekas (the policeman who represents the Ottoman state
but has his own matcho honor code) as well as inventions such as
Stavrakas (the Piraeot Rebet, matcho character) and his Rebetiko band,
Nionios from Zante, the Cretan, the Jew (adapted from the Ottoman
character).
Karagöz-Hacivat plays are especially associated with the
Ramadan
in Turkey, whereas they are associated with the whole year in Greece.
Until the rise of radio and film, it was one of the most popular forms
of entertainment in Turkey, whereas in Greece it continues to be popular
and televised too.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat